One answer is clear, consistent standards — like the APPA Level Cleaning Scoring System. APPA (short for the Association of Physical Plant Administrators) created this tool as a common framework, complete with practical cleaning guidelines, to help your school measure how clean your space really is. It gives your institution a straightforward way to see what’s working in your cleaning routines — and where there’s room to improve.

Students in cleaner schools score up to 11% higher on standardized tests

A University of Michigan study found a strong link between clean facilities and improved academic performance.

This is how it works

The APPA Level Cleaning Scoring System breaks cleanliness down into five clear levels — from Level 1, “Orderly spotlessness,” to Level 5, “Unkempt neglect.” Each level reflects how clean and well-maintained a space is, based on what you see and feel in the environment. Here’s a quick look at what each level means:

• Level 1: Orderly spotlessness: This level reflects the highest standard of cleanliness — surfaces are spotless, free of dirt, dust, and debris, creating a truly pristine and well-cared-for environment.
• Level 2: Ordinary tidiness: Level 2 isn’t quite as spotless as Level 1, but it still reflects a clean, well-kept space. Any signs of dust or dirt are minimal and usually taken care of through regular cleaning routines.
• Level 3: Casual inattention: At this level, cleanliness is generally acceptable, though it may not be consistent throughout. Some spots might show a bit of dust or dirt, but overall, the space still looks clean and presentable.
• Level 4: Moderate dinginess: Level 4 facilities show clear signs of being overlooked. Dust, dirt, and stains are more common, and bringing the space back up to standard would take some deep cleaning and extra care.
• Level 5: Unkempt neglect: This is the lowest level of cleanliness — surfaces are heavily soiled, worn, or clearly neglected. Immediate attention is needed to fix sanitation problems and bring the space back to a safe, healthy condition.

Most schools and universities aim for APPA Level 2, but budget and staffing often keep facilities between Levels 2 and 3 — except in high-risk areas like washrooms, cafeterias, and infirmaries.

The estimates of cleaning productivity are from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) Planning Guide for Maintaining School Facilities, Chapter 5.

Download our full checklist for a clear overview of the tasks needed to meet APPA Levels 1 and 2.

Improved hygiene practices can cut illness-related absenteeism by up to 50%, says CDC

Regular cleaning and hand-washing protocols in schools lead to fewer sick days and reduced cold and flu transmission.

This printable worksheet will help you assess your facility’s cleanliness. Use this tool to identify areas that may not be meeting standards and highlight where new equipment could help improve consistency. We suggest doing this self-assessment a few times for the most accurate results.

The cleaning needs of your school will vary depending on your facility — whether it’s a day school or residential program, if it has showers, or includes spaces like science labs or computer rooms.

The tables below offer examples of general cleaning tasks and how often they should be done to meet APPA Levels 1 and 2.

Since every school is different, it’s a good idea to build a detailed list of cleaning tasks and their required frequencies to reach your target level of cleanliness. This list — which could include 100 tasks or more — is a valuable tool for showing school leadership just how much ongoing work is involved in maintaining a clean, healthy environment.

Clean classrooms help students stay focused and less stressed

Research* shows that cluttered, dirty environments increase anxiety and distraction, while clean spaces support better concentration and motivation.

* published in the Journal of Environmental Psychology

How to achieve a higher APPA score despite budget and staffing challenges

Unlock proven strategies with these five practical, actionable tips to boost your APPA score, even with limited resources.

App it!

Boost cleaning efficiency and transparency with digital task tracking, fostering a more open work culture and potentially increasing APPA scores by up to 25%.

Prioritize high-traffic and high-risk areas

Focus cleaning efforts on spaces like washrooms, cafeterias, and infirmaries to maintain health and safety where it matters most.

Create a realistic, rotating cleaning schedule

Use a zone-based or task-rotation system to spread work efficiently across available staff without sacrificing quality in critical areas.

Optimize resources with time-saving equipment

Choose intuitive, easy-to-use cleaning solutions that boost productivity, require less training, and maximize efficiency, like floor scrubbers and robotic cleaners.

Inspire teamwork for greater efficiency

Motivate custodial staff to work together, ensuring tasks are completed faster and to a higher standard, ultimately supporting better APPA scores.

Get our guide and stay on top of what it takes to meet Levels 1 and 2.